The surgical OA model was created by DMM (27) in 6-mo-old mice. In the treadmill-induced OA model, 6-mo-old mice were placed on a treadmill (Columbus Instruments Exer 3/6 treadmill) at a 10° incline for 45 min at a speed of 15 m/min, including 2 min of warming up (54). Mice were killed 8 wk after DMM surgery and 6 wk after treadmill exercise, and six knee joints from each group were collected.
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