Mouse Models of K. pneumoniae Infection and Antibiotic-Treatment

Mice were treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics (ampicillin, 1 g·L⁻¹; neomycin sulfate, 1 g·L⁻¹; metronidazole, 1 g·L⁻¹; vancomycin, 0.5 g·L⁻¹) dissolved in drinking water for 14 days (11, 14). Antibiotic treatment was stopped 3 days prior to infection. Then, mice with or without antibiotic treatment were anesthetized with isoflurane and inoculated intranasally with 1 × 10⁵ CFU of K. Pneumoniae in 50 μL of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and were sacrificed at different time points after infection.