Informed consent was obtained from all participants or parents/guardians of participants, as well as verbal assent from participants aged 11–17 years old. The study protocol was approved by the Bangladesh Institute of Child Health Ethical Review Committee, Nepal Health Research Council Ethical Review Board, Pakistan Ethical Review Committee, and Stanford University Institutional Review Board. This project was approved by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) human subjects review as research with CDC not directly engaged, so a full institutional review board approval was not required.
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