Colonic inflammation was induced by the addition of 2% (w/v) dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) (molecular mass 40–50 kDa, Alfa Aesar, Lancashire, United Kingdom) for 5 days followed by an additional 3 days of normal drinking water for inflamed mice (d8 inflamed)20, while fibrosis was induced by repeating 3 cycles of 5 days DSS treatment followed by 9 days of normal drinking water. Mice were assessed daily for signs of colitis including body weight and diarrhea. Healthy mice were age and weight matched. Colon length was measured from the tip of the anus to the distal end of the colon.
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