2.1. Study design

Data came from the first wave of the COVID-19 Healthcare Provider Study, an ongoing cross-sectional survey of healthcare workers within a large medical center in NYC. Participants were given the choice to enter a longitudinal follow-up which entails completing additional questionnaires every 2 weeks, for up to 3 months. Participants were eligible if they were physicians (including residents/fellows), advanced practice providers, or registered nurses, and provided care at the medical center. Participants were invited using a standardized recruitment email with a link to an electronic Qualtrics survey. This email was sent to listservs for physicians and advanced practice providers: nurse practitioners and physician assistants (n = 1870), housestaff (interns/residents/fellows: n = 974), and nurses (n = 4273). The first email was sent on April 9, 2020 (a peak of the COVID-19 pandemic in NYC [^7,8]), and the first participant enrolled on that date. A total of 974 participants enrolled and began the survey (response rate 13.7%). Of the 974 participants, 657 (67%) completed all questions on the survey between April 9–24, 2020 and are included in this cross-sectional analysis. We compared scores on the first survey items presented between survey completers and those who had not yet completed the survey, to explore potential differences between the two. The Columbia University Irving Medical Center Institutional Review Board approved the study protocol. All participants provided electronic informed consent.