2.7. Determination of Interleukin (IL)-6 and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α

RAW 264.7 cells (2 × 10⁵ cells/well) were incubated with 100 ng/mL LPS in the presence of ethanol extracts of PL or PF (100, 200, and 500 µg/mL) for 18 h. After 18 h, the culture supernatants were collected, and the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in the culture media of RAW 264.7 cells were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. The IL-6 and TNF-α levels were determined using a microplate reader.