Height of the lumbar IVDs was assessed with in vivo lateral X-rays, both pre-operatively and at 6 weeks post injury. Rats were anesthetized with inhaled isoflurane for 10 min to ensure consistent muscle relaxation and were X-rayed at 55 kV for 10 s (UltraFocus Faxitron, Tucson, AZ). Cranial and caudal vertebral borders were manually defined in Fiji (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD), and IVD height calculated using a MATLAB (MathWorks, Natick, MA) code which has been described previously32. The absolute height for individual IVDs was measured and percent change from baseline for the average across L3/4, L4/5, and L5/6 was calculated.
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