2.1. Reagents and Antibodies

Antibodies for poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) (9542S), Ras^G12V (14412S), Ras^G12D (14429S), phospho-AKT (4060S), phospho-ERK1/2 (4370S), cIAP2 (3130S), XIAP (2042S), Mcl-1 (4572S) and survivin (2803S) were purchased from Cell Signaling. The antibody for Kras (101667-T32) was purchased from Sino Biological (Southeastern, PA, USA). The antibodies for survivin were also purchases from Santa Cruz Biotechnology ((sc-10811) and from Epitomics (2565-1). Antibodies for GAPDH (sc-25778/sc-47724), AKT (sc-8312) and ERK1/2 (sc-292838) were purchased from Santa Cruz. The second antibodies of goat anti-mouse IgG ({"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"G21040","term_id":"1341366","term_text":"G21040"}}G21040) and goat anti-rabbit IgG ({"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"G21234","term_id":"1341560","term_text":"G21234"}}G21234) were purchased from Invitrogen/ThermoFisher. Antibodies for topoisomerase 1 were purchased from BD Biosciences (556597) and TopoGEN (TG2012-4). All primary antibodies were diluted in the range of 500 × to 1000 ×. In this study, secondary antibodies were diluted 5000 × to 10,000 ×. Dulbecco’s modified eagle’s medium (DMEM), penicillin–streptomycin solution, trypsin EDTA and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were from Mediatech, Inc. (Manassas, VA, USA); Opti-MEM was from Gibco. Lipofectamine 2000 was from Invitrogen/ThermoFisher. Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was from Atlanta Biologicals. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) was from Affymetrix. The protease inhibitor cocktail was from Sigma-Aldrich; the reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay kit was from Abcam; the BCA™ protein assay kit was from Pierce and Western lightning plus ECL was from PerkinElmer (Shelton, CT, USA).