We measured urinary albumin and creatinine before and after the exercise stress test. EiA was defined as the change in albumin excretion following exercise (exercise albumin- rest albumin) divided by the rest urinary creatine measurement.
Elevated EiA was defined as > 20 mg/g as this was the lower bound of the top quartile of the cohort. Similar cut-off values have been shown to be associated with metabolic dysfunction and abnormal cardiac findings in our previous reports [8, 22].
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