MDC staining was performed to evaluate the abundance of autophagic vacuoles in A. baumannii infected cells as previously described (Biederbick et al., 1995). Briefly, a 50 mM stock solution of MDC was prepared in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Cells were stained with MDC at a final concentration of 50 μM for 1 hr at room temperature, washed with phosphate-buffered saline for 3 × 10 min, and then examined by fluorescence microscopy.
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