The primary outcome measure was moderate-to-severe COPD (FEV1/FVC <0·7 and FEV1 <80% of predicted). As secondary outcome measures, we assessed the association of the combined polygenic risk score with smoking, occurrence of exacerbations, GOLD spirometry grades, clinical COPD phenotypes, imaging phenotypes, and lung growth patterns. We also assessed the performance of the polygenic risk scores (alone and in combination with clinical COPD risk factors) in predicting COPD, and compared this with the performance of a clinical risk score.
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