MTT assay

MTT assay was used to measure the viability of A549 cells. The cells were seeded into 96‐well plates at a density of 5 × 10³ cells/well and cultured in an incubator at 37°C with 5% CO₂. MTT (20 μL) solution was then added into each well to measure cell viability and incubated for another four hours. The media was then removed and 150 μL DMSO was added into the wells. The cell viability was calculated by measuring the optical density (OD) at 490 nm.