2.1. Culture of adenocarcinoma cell lines

Two non–small cell lung adenocarcinoma (NSCLC) cell lines NCI‐H2228 and NCI‐H1975, and two colon and CRC adenocarcinoma cell lines HT‐29 and KM12 were used in this study. NCI‐H2228 (non–small cell lung adenocarcinoma), NCI‐H1975 (non–small cell lung adenocarcinoma), and HT‐29 (colorectal adenocarcinoma) cell lines were acquired from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA). KM12 (colon adenocarcinoma) cell line was acquired from the NCI‐Fredrick Cancer DCTD Tumor/Cell line Repository (NCI, Frederick, MD). Media (Roswell Park Memorial Institute Medium 1640 for NCI‐H2228, NCI‐H1975, and KM12 cells, and McCoy's 5A Medium Modified for HT‐29 cells) were purchased from ATCC and supplemented with 1% penicillin‐streptomycin (HyClone GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Logan, UT). Media for NCI‐H2228, NCI‐H1975, and HT‐29 cells were supplemented with 10% Seradigm premium fetal bovine serum (VWR Life Science, Radnor, PA), and medium for KM12 cells were supplemented with 20% fetal bovine serum (Seradigm). Cells were cultured in 3D culture systems (see Section 2.2) and maintained according to manufacturers’ specifications. All cell lines were certified mycoplasma free.