Materials

GSK343 (cat. no. S7164; Selleck Chemicals) was dissolved in 5 mmol/l DMSO. Primary antibodies against GAPDH (cat. no. 60004-1-Ig; ProteinTech Group, Inc.), microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta (LC3B; cat. no. L7543; Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA), AKT (cat. no. 1085; Abcam), phospho-AKT (cat. no. 2118; Abcam), autophagy-related protein 5 (ATG5; cat. no. 12994; Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.), mTOR (cat. no. 2983; Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.) and phospho-mTOR (cat. no. 5536; Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.). Horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-rabbit secondary antibodies (cat. no. A00098; GenScript) or anti-mouse (cat. no. A00160; GenScript) and fluorochrome-conjugated anti-rabbit secondary antibodies (cat. no. E031220; EarthOx Life Sciences) were used at the recommended concentrations outlined by the manufacturer's protocol.