2.4. Boyden chamber assay

Mesenchymal stromal cell migration was measured using the Boyden chamber assay (Cell Biolabs, Inc., San Diego, California) in a 24‐well format with 8 μm pore size according to the manufacturer's instructions. In brief, 5 × 10⁴ cells in 300 μL serum‐free medium were seeded in the upper compartment (the insert) and then allowed to migrate through the pores of the membrane into the lower compartment. After an appropriate incubation time in a cell culture incubator, migratory cells on the bottom of the polycarbonate membrane were stained and quantified in a fluorescence plate reader.