At 24 h after transfection, cells were collected and suspended in serum-free medium. Cells (4 × 104) in 0.2 ml serum-free medium were plated in the top chamber with a Matrigel-coated membrane (24-well insert, pore size, 8 μm, Corning, USA), with 10% FBS as an attractant (Di et al., 2015). The cells were then incubated for 48 h. The cells that did not invade through the pores were removed, and the filter was stained with crystal violet for visualization and counting.
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