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Purified EVs, which had been dialyzed against ultrapure water, were placed onto the carbon tape (Nisshin EM Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan) and fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde. After washing with ultrapure water, the samples were dried overnight at 37 °C. Carbon-shadow coating was performed using CADE-E (Meiwafosis, Osaka, Japan). The samples were then observed using a field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM, Sigma VP; Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH, Jena, Germany).
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