To determine MAPK activation in response to flg22, 10‐day‐old seedlings grown on ½ MS plates were transferred into a six‐well tissue culture plate containing 2 ml of H2O for 1 day and then treated with 100 nM flg22 for 0, 5, 15, or 45 min. The phosphorylated MAPKs were detected by the α‐pERK antibody (Cell Signaling, USA, 9101) with an immunoblot.
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