Caco-2 cells (1 × 105 cells/well) were seeded in Transwell inserts (membrane area 0.33 cm2, pore size 0.4 μm) placed in 24-well plates. Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was monitored daily using an EVOM voltohmmeter with STX2 electrodes (World Precision Instruments). When the resistance approached 1000 Ω cm2, cells were pretreated with or without GPA for 6 h followed by treatment with LPS. TEER was measured hourly during 6 h LPS treatment.
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