2.5. Color fastness and color analysis

The color fastness test was performed to determine the effectiveness of the fabric and paper application of the dye using wash fastness, rubbing fastness, and light fastness tests. The relative color value before and after the fastness test were measured and compared using the James Heal gray scale [14] for both shade and staining, as described by Subtirica et al. [7].

The wash fastness test was done by stitching the dyed fabric between two cotton fabric. This was then washed in a 500 mL beaker with commercial-grade Wings powdered detergent (with the following components: sodium carbonate, non-ionic detergents, sodium silicate, soil suspending agents, enzyme, and fragrance), at a 5:500 soap-to-water ratio at 60 °C for 30 min on a hot plate stirrer. The rubbing fastness test was done with a 4.5″ × 1.5″ of dyed fabric sample, following ISO 105-X12 method [8] which went along one direction of warp//length and weft/ width of the fabric. The specimen was rubbed back and forth over a straight track for 10 times at 1 cycle/second. For light fastness, the dyed fabric and paper were exposed under UV light for 12 h.