Nrf2-driven transcriptional activation was quantified as antioxidant response element (ARE) transcriptional activity using a dual-luciferase reporter system (28, 29). pGL3.47-ARE-Luc plasmid (900 ng) and 100 ng pRL-TK plasmid (Promega) were cotransfected into 8,000 cells using Lipofectamine 3000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific). The firefly (ARE activity) and Renilla (internal control) luminescence signal were assessed using a Polarstar Optima Plate Reader (BMG Labtech).
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