hUCMSCs cells were stained with Calcein-AM (2 μM) for 30 min or MitoTracker-Green (200 nM) for 1 h before being used for PMV generation. VSV-G viral membrane glycoprotein was prepared as described. PMVs were incubated with or without VSV-G for 20 min and then added to HepG2 cell culture in 96-wells. The plate was centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 10 min to accelerate PMV sedimentation. At 12 h, cells were replenished with fresh culture medium. At 24 h, cells were harvested, stained with Hoechst (10 μg/ml) for 30 min, and then transferred to a 35-mm glass-bottom dish for the examination of phagocytosis and endosomal escape of PMVs using confocal microscopy.
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