2.9. Carrageenan-Induced Inflammation Study

Six-week-old male Sprague Dawley rats (250–260 g) were orally administered celecoxib (10 mg/kg), A1C (equivalent mass of celecoxib), G1C (equivalent mass of celecoxib), N-GA1C (equivalent mass of celecoxib), or IPB as a control. After 1 h, 0.1 mL of carrageenan (1%) was injected into the hind paw of the rats. Carrageenan-induced increase in paw volume (paw edema) was measured at predetermined time points (0, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h). The paw volume of rats up to the knee joint was measured using a plethysmometer. The degree of inhibition of paw edema (%) at each time point was calculated using the following equation: (Control volume − treatment group volume)/Control paw volume × 100.