2.4. Polymer Characterization: NMR and GPC

Polymer structure was characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) via ¹H NMR in CDCl₃ (Bruker 500 MHz) and analyzed using TopSpin 3.5 software. To measure polymer molecular weight and polydispersity, polymers were dissolved in BHT-stabilized tetrahydrofuran with 5% DMSO and 1% piperidine, filtered through a 0.2 μm PTFE filter, and measured with gel permeation chromatography against linear polystyrene standards (Waters, Milford, MA).