Plasma and urine were collected from control and hypoxic rats. Plasma, serum, and urine were also collected from patients with renal anemia treated with ESAs or from patients with iron‐deficient anemia. Plasma, serum, and urine Epo concentrations were measured by CLEIA (SRL, Tokyo, Japan, using Access Epo by Beckman Coulter, Brea, USA).
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