Protein extracts from muscle samples were separated by 10% SDS-PAGE after adding 5 × Laemmli sample buffer and boiling. The separated proteins were transferred onto a PVDF membrane and probed with rabbit polyclonal antibodies against slow-MHC (ab11083, Abcam), fast-MHC (ab91506, Abcam), MYOD1 (ab16148, Abcam), MYOG (ab1835, Abcam), and p21 (ab109199; Abcam). Horseradish peroxidase (HPRP)-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) was used as the secondary antibody. For quantification, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (ab8245, Abcam) or tubulin (ab52866, Abcam) was selected as the internal standard. Bound antibodies were detected using the ECL Prime western blotting detection reagent (GE Healthcare) on a CCD-based imager (ImageQuant LAS 4000, GE Healthcare).
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