PA (purity > 99%) was sourced from Chengdu Preferred Biological Technology Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China). d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl)−2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+) were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). Calu-3 and SH-SY5Y cell lines were acquired from the American Type Culture Collection (USA). Minimum essential medium (MEM) and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were prepared from Gibco (USA). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-grade acetonitrile, phosphoric acid, formic acid, and phosphotungstic acid were from Shanghai Aladdin biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). DiO and DiI were purchased from Beyotime (China).
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