Reagents and Materials

Unless otherwise stated, all chemicals were supplied by Sigma Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). HT-29 colorectal adenocarcinoma cells were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA). The following kits and reagents were used in the experimental protocols: McCoy’s 5A Medium Modified (Welgene Co., No. LM 005–02), MonocarboxyMethylene Blue Succinimidyl Ester (MB, BIOSEARCH Technologies, No. 113414), fetal bovine serum (FBS; Thermo Fisher Scientific, No. 16000044), DMSO anhydrous (Life Technologies Co, No. LOT. 0305C186), penicillin-streptomycin (Life Technologies, No. 15140122), trypsin-EDTA (Welgene Co, No. LS 015–10), LysoTracker Green (Thermo Fisher Scientific, No. L7526), protamine sulfate (Hanlim Pharmaceutical Co, No. 339, MW=4.1 kDa), AKTA Prime plus Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography (FPLC; GE Healthcare Lifesciences, USA), and EZ-Cytox (Dogenbio Co., Korea).