Cell culture

RAW264.7 cells were maintained in DMEM (HyClone, Logan, UT) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; HyClone) and 100 U/mL penicillin/streptomycin at 37°C with 5% CO₂. For inflammatory cytokine expression, cells were preincubated with or without 10–100 μg/mL FP-MD for 1 h followed by stimulation with or without 100 ng/mL LPS for 2 h. For Western blot analysis, cells were preincubated with or without DMSO and 100 μg/mL FP-MD for 1 h followed by stimulation with or without 1 μg/mL LPS for 5 min.