4.1. General Experimental Procedures

Momundo Artemisia annua extract was obtained from MoMundo GmbH (Bad Emstal, Germany). Arteannuin B and arteannuic acid were from Carbosynth (Berkshire, UK), casticin and 6,7-dimethoxycoumarin from Extrasynthese (Genay cedex, France), chrysosplenol d from ChemFaces (Wuhan, Hubei, China), and artemisinin from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). Stock solutions were prepared in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and further diluted with appropriate medium supplemented with 1% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS) directly before the experiments. The final DMSO concentration in the medium was 0.5%. Propidium iodide, dual specificity protein phosphatase 1/6 inhibitor (E)-2-benzylidene-3-(cyclohexylamino)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-one (BCI), DNase-free RNase A, and paclitaxel were from Sigma. The XTT (2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2h-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide) cell proliferation assay was purchased from Roche Diagnostics (Filderstadt, Germany). The mitochondrial potential sensor JC-1, H₂DCFDA, MitoSOX™ Red, LysoTracker Red were from Molecular Probes (San Diego, CA, USA). FITC-labeled annexin V and phenol-free matrigel were purchased from BD Biosciences (Heidelberg, Germany).