Cell Culture

LPS and FXT were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Tin protoporphyrin IX (SnPP), a heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) inhibitor, and cobalt protoporphyrin IX (CoPP), a HO-1 inducer, were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). Murine BV-2 microglial cells were obtained from Dr. S.W. Chae (Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine) and cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM; Lonza, Walkersville, MD, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Gibco, Gaithersburg, MD, USA) and 100 μg/ml penicillin-streptomycin (Gibco) at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO₂.