Study population

Twenty-two (n = 22) newly diagnosed and treatment-naïve people living with HIV between the ages of 18 and 70 years were randomly recruited from the Alexandra Health Community Centre in Alexandra, Johannesburg, SA. The minimum number of participants required for testing the stability of biochemical analytes is 10.²⁷ Furthermore, multiple samples were required from each participant for analysis on three analysers at six time points, providing 396 creatinine measurement data points. Patients with comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus, pregnancy, urinary tract infection, hypertension and proteinuria were excluded from the study. De-identified demographic and anthropometric data were transcribed from the patient files.