Defining ‘psychosocial’

Psychosocial research encompasses many possible topics and is used in myriad studies, although definitions are rarely offered. In this article, we begin by offering a definition, or at least a point of reference, that will serve as a useful starting point for understanding psychosocial dimensions of life. The American Psychological Association (APA) Dictionary of Psychology²² lists several different definitions that can help us triangulate a working meaning. ‘Psychosocial factors’ are defined as ‘social, cultural and environmental phenomena and influences that affect mental health and behaviour’ (figure 1). A ‘psychosocial stressor’, more specifically, is defined by the APA as ‘a life situation that creates an unusual or intense level of stress that may contribute to the development or aggravation of mental disorder, illness or maladaptive behaviour. Examples of psychosocial stressors include divorce, the death of a child, prolonged illness, unwanted change of residence, a natural catastrophe or a highly competitive work situation’.

Conceptual model of psychosocial influences on health. These three domains of life (social, cultural and environmental) converge on individual ‘health’. In this context, health indicates both physical and mental health, as well as intermediate biological and physiological pathways that influence health.

This definition of psychosocial is broad and encompasses experiences throughout the life course. It is important to note that the term psychosocial in itself does not refer just to adverse life events but more broadly to the confluence of social, cultural and environmental factors that come together to affect our biology, physiology and psychology. Consequently, the term psychosocial captures both negative stressors and positive sources of resilience, engagement and community. This includes factors such as social support, religion and/or spirituality (R/S) and healthy neighbourhood conditions.