The migratory ability of pancreatic cancer cells was evaluated using a wound-healing assay. Each pancreatic cancer cell line was cultured at 37 °C and 5% CO2 in 6-well culture plates (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA) to 80% confluence. The suspended cells were removed with three washes of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). A sterilised pipette tip was then used to create a wound (scratch) in the confluent layer. Next, DFX (0, 10, 50, or 100 μM), the Rac-1 inhibitor NSC 23766 (0, 50, 100, 200 μM; Selleck, Houston, TX, USA), or the Cdc42 inhibitor ML141 (0, 10, 20, 40 μM; Selleck) were added to each well, and the cells were incubated for 24 h. Afterwards, the wound width was measured; the ratio of pre- and post-culture wound widths was used as an index of cell migration, and comparisons were made with the control group.
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