Left ventricular heart function was determined as previously described (68). In brief, ventral hair was removed with Nair the day prior to echocardiograms. All echocardiograms were performed on unsedated mice using a Vevo 2100 (VisualSonics) equipped with a 40 MHz linear transducer. M-mode echocardiography was acquired from the parasternal short axis view of the left ventricle.
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