Sixteen 4 month-old Sprague-Dawley male rats were used. They were maintained in an air-conditioned room with a controlled temperature of 24 ± 2 °C and humidity of 55 ± 15%, in a 12-h light/darkness cycle regulation, and were fed laboratory chow and water ad libitum. All animal experiments were conducted in accordance with the University Laboratory Animals Service Center’s guidelines with approval from the Animal Ethics Committee of the University. After an initial acclimatization of 1 week, SD male rats were randomly divided into two groups. The D-gal-treated group was injected with 125 mg/kg D-galactose dissolved in sterile 0.9% saline intra-peritoneally daily. The control group was injected with the same volume of 0.9% saline. After consecutive injection for 4 months, the animals were sacrificed and the tibia and femur were collected for further study.
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