All patients with pneumothorax aged over 18 years and who provided written informed consent from, the period of June 1, 2009, to May 31, 2013, were included. Patients with traumatic and PSP were excluded. Recurrent episodes, defined as a second episode of SSP during the period of inclusion, were excluded. Subjects living more than 30 km (19 miles) from an air pollutant monitoring station, or in a different study area were also excluded.
Data collected from the Emergency Department medical records were the following: age, sex, date of admission, home address, smoking status, and history of COPD, emphysema, pneumothorax and asthma. All research was performed in accordance with relevant regulations and informed consent was obtained from all the participants. The study was approved by the French National authority for the protection of privacy and personal data (CNIL) on December 23, 2014 under the number 913594.
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