The ICU admission criteria and treatment decisions for all patients, including determination of the need for intubation and respiratory support, were made at the discretion of the treating physicians and were not standardized. In general, the goal is to ascertain adequate oxygenation to maintain SpO2 ≥ 90% through high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) and noninvasive ventilation (NIV) [12–14]. If the respiratory failure progressively deteriorated, the patients were considered to be eligible for noninvasive or invasive mechanical ventilation when PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 200 mmHg. Where available, in patients with refractory hypoxemia (PaO2/FiO2 < 80 or 60 mmHg) veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) might serve as a therapeutic option to stabilize gas exchange [13, 14].
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