Mice were fasted for 2 hours. Serum was collected before the FITC-dextran administration as the blank. Then, the mice were gavage-fed FITC-dextran (44 mg/100 g, FD4; Sigma, St. Louis, MO). Serum was collected again 1 hour afterward in conventional mice and 4 hours afterward in GF mice. Fluorescence was measured on samples diluted with PBS (1:2) using an excitation wavelength of 490 nm and an emission wavelength of 520 nm. Fold changes of FITC-dextran in the serum 1 hour/blank or 4 hours/blank were calculated.
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