The pH of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was adjusted to the desired values with NaOH or HCl, and then the PBS was filter sterilized through 0.22-μm-pore-size membrane filters. Black, clear-bottom, 96-well plates (Corning no. 3904) were filled with 50 μl of PBS/well containing the indicated concentration of antibiotics. Exponential-phase or stationary-phase antibiotic-tolerant S. aureus MW2 cells prepared as described under “Killing kinetics assay” and “Antibiotic-tolerant MRSA-killing assay,” respectively, were then washed 3 times with the same volume of PBS. The washed cells were adjusted to an OD600 of 0.4 (∼2 × 107 CFU/ml) with PBS. SYTOX Green (Molecular Probes) was added to 10 ml of the diluted bacterial suspension to a final concentration of 5 μM and incubated for 30 min at room temperature in the dark. Fifty microliters of the bacterium-SYTOX Green mixture was added to each well of the 96-well plates containing antibiotics. Fluorescence was measured at room temperature using a spectrophotometer (SpectraMax M2; Molecular Devices) at the excitation of 485 nm and the emission of 525 nm. All experiments were conducted in triplicate.
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