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The PL quantum yield of the CNDs was estimated using quinine sulfate (Φ = 54% in 0.1 M H2SO4 aqueous solution) as the fluorescence standard. The quantum yield was calculated according to the following equation:
where Φ is the quantum yield; I is the integrated PL intensity; A is the absorbance value at the excitation wavelength; n is the refractive index of the solvents used. Subscripts S and X represent the standard substance and the test sample, respectively.
Copyright and License information: ©2020 by the authors.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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