3.8. Effect of PPAR-γ Ligand (Rosiglitazone) and PPAR-γ Antagonist (GW9662) against Iodixanol-Induced Damage in Kidney Cells

To identify the effect of rosiglitazone on iodixanol-induced cytotoxicity, the cells were seeded onto 96-well culture plates at 1 × 10⁴ cells/well and allowed to adhere for 24 h. Cells were treated with the vehicle control (0.5% DMSO), iodixanol (25 mg/mL) or rosiglitazone (1 μM) alone and also treated with combinations of rosiglitazone (1 μM) and iodixanol (25 mg/mL). To verify the effect of GW9662 in the presence of the artemetin, the cells were seeded onto 96-well culture plates at 1 × 10⁴ cells/well and allowed to adhere for 24 h. Cells were treated with the vehicle control (0.5% DMSO), iodixanol (25 mg/mL), GW9662 (1 μM) or artemetin (100 μM) alone and also treated with combinations of iodixanol (25 mg/mL) and artemetin (100 μM) or combinations of iodixanol (25 mg/mL), artemetin (100 μM) and GW9662 (1 μM). Cell viability was determined using the Ez-Cytox cell viability detection kit in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions, and evaluated by measuring the absorbance at 450 nm using a microplate reader.