Participants

To test the proposed hypotheses, this study used a two-condition (AR vs. VR) between-subjects design with participants randomly assigned to each condition. A total of 109 participants (57 in the AR condition and 52 in the VR condition) were recruited from an interdepartmental research subject pool at a large university in the United States. In exchange for participation in the institutional review board-approved study, participants received a small amount of extra credit (∼1 percent of their final grade). Almost 75 percent of the participants were women (n = 81, 74.3 percent) and the average age was 20.5 years old (standard deviation [SD] = 1.61). There were no significant differences in gender, age, and race between participants across the conditions.