To evaluate apoptosis, mice were sacrificed 8 hours after irradiation. Segments from the same portion of the intestine were harvested, fixed in 10% formalin, embedded in paraffin, sectioned at 5 μm, and assayed by TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling) staining using an in situ cell death detection kit (Roche, Indianapolis, IN) according to manufacturer instructions. Apoptotic cells were counted in at least 40 crypt-villus units per specimen under a BZ-9000 all-in-one fluorescence microscope (Keyence), as described previously.16
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