Cell lines and cell culture

The wt p53-carrying HCC cell line HepG2, PCa line LNCaP, GC line AGS, BC line MCF-7, colon cancer line HCT116, HCT116-Cas9 and its variant HCT116 p53-/- subline, and normal human umbilical-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UMSCs) were used in this study. HepG2, LNCaP, and MCF-7 cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) with 10% fetal bovine serum (Thermo Fisher Scientific), 100 U/ml penicillin, 100 μg/ml streptomycin, and 4 mM L-glutamine. AGS cells were cultured in F12 medium (Thermo Fisher Scientific). HCT116 cells and their variants were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (Thermo Fisher Scientific). UMSCs were cultured in F12 medium with bFGF (10 ng/ml). In addition, two HCC cell lines, Huh.7 and Hep3B with mutant and null p53, respectively, were also included. All cells were incubated at 37 °C in a humidified 5% CO₂ atmosphere.