Parasites were cultured in human A + erythrocytes and complete RPMI medium (10% human A serum, 0.2 μg ml−1 gentamycin, 0.1 mM hypoxanthine) at 2–4% haematocrit, according to standard protocols66. Human red blood cells and human sera were purchased from the Deutsche Rote Kreuz-Blutspendedienst Baden-Württemberg/Hessen GmbH. Parasite cultures were synchronized using 5% D-sorbitol67. For tight synchronization, a combination of sorbitol and heparin (50 U ml−1) was used68,69.
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