All 195 bladder cancer samples included in this study were obtained from the Peking University Shenzhen Hospital or purchased from US Biomax, Inc. The study was reviewed and approved by the Ethical Committee of Peking University Shenzhen Hospital (Shenzhen, China). The adjacent normal tissue samples were obtained 2.0 cm away from the cancer tissues and confirmed by pathologists. Tissues were formalin fixed and reviewed with hematoxylin & eosin staining to classify histological types and diseased stages. None of the patients received radiotherapy or chemotherapy before this operation.
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