Each included studies in this meta-analysis should fulfill the following four criteria: (1) population-based epidemiological studies, including cohort studies, case-control studies, and cross-sectional studies; (2) the exposure of interest is intake of dietary calcium; (3) the outcome is MetS; (4) either adjusted risk ratios, including relative risks (RRs) and odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs), or necessary data to calculate these values should be reported.
During the screening process, we excluded non-observational studies, studies that were not original (e.g., editorials, reviews, and commentaries), or not conducted in human subjects.
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