To evaluate the biological effects by various photon irradiations, we adopted the Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO)-K1 cell line, obtained from RIKEN Bio Resource Center, Japan (RCB0285). The CHO-K1 cells were maintained in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium-high glucose (D5671 Sigma) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Equitech-Bio Inc, Kerrville, TX) at 37 °C in a humidified 95% air and 5% CO2 incubator. The ϕ12-mm glass-based dishes (3911–035, IWAKI) were used for all irradiations. The cells were seeded onto the glass (0.08–0.12 mm in thickness) of the dish. The cells in plateau phase (mainly in G1 phase) were prepared for all in vitro experiments of DNA-DSBs’ detection as reported previously16,17.
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