Literature search and data extraction

KISS and PubMed searches yielded 116 articles. One article was identified as relevant from other reference lists. Literature search was conducted independently by the primary reviewer (JEK) and the secondary reviewer (HSM). Disagreements were resolved by consensus of investigators (JEK, HMJ, and HSM). Of the 117 articles, 99 were excluded due to the following reasons: study design was not a RCT; study subjects were premenopausal women or mean age < 65 years; exercise training was combined with other treatments including hormone replacement therapy or dietary intervention. Therefore, a total of 18 articles were included and fully assessed by JEK and the HSM independently. One article was excluded because it did not report primary outcomes. Finally, 17 articles were included for this systematic review (Figure 1). One article provided multiple treatments including dietary supplement and exercise training16.The group with dietary supplement treatment in this article was excluded since dietary supplement treatment did not meet our inclusion criteria. Four articles included two exercise groups17^, 18 or three exercise groups19^, 20 with different type of exercise training. Therefore, they were assigned into the groups with 2 and 3 different types of exercise training, respectively.

The following data were extracted by the primary and secondary reviewers from each article using an electronic form: first author’s last name, publication year; population and sample size; details of intervention design; mean age; exercise type; intervention duration; method of outcome measures; pre- and post- intervention values; and changed value of outcome measures.